不同变异株是否会导致再感染？抗病毒药物该如何使用？老年人如何做好健康监测？专家回应【科学防疫小贴士】（65）******

　　北京大学第一医院感染科主任 王贵强

　　01

　　不同变异株是否会导致再感染？

　　对于绝大部分免疫力正常的人来说，半年内人体内都会存在有效的免疫抗体，同一毒株的二次感染概率极低，即便感染了也不会出现严重症状。

　　如果出现新的变异株，或者新的亚分支表现出很强的免疫逃逸能力，是可能导致再感染的。根据人体内的免疫抗体，再感染的间隔时间越短，症状通常越轻，间隔时间长了，症状就偏重。因此，这轮疫情过后，大家仍要注意做好健康防护。

　　02

　　抗病毒药物该如何使用？

　　高龄老人，尤其是有基础病、没有接种疫苗的高龄老人，属于高风险人群，面对疫情要早发现早干预。一些口服的抗新冠病毒小分子药物，可以在发病或感染得到明确诊断后尽早使用，一般在5天内使用。

　　这类抗新冠病毒小分子药物存在与其他不少药物相互作用的问题，也会有一些副作用，因此务必在医生指导下使用。此外，研究显示，这类药物不能用于预防性治疗，对重症患者的效果也不明显。

　　03

　　老年人如何做好健康监测？

　　呼吸的频率是很重要的指标。如果呼吸特别快，每分钟超过30次，并有气短，需及时到医院就医。建议有老年人、基础病人群的家庭备指氧仪，若指数低于93则表现为重症，若出现低于95或94的情况，也需进行早期吸氧。

　　一些有基础病的老年人在平卧静息状态下的氧饱和度正常，但在活动时氧饱和度会明显降低。因此，建议有基础病的老年人在静息时、活动后均进行血氧测量，若下降明显则说明存在重症风险，应及时到医院治疗。

　　居家时，若血氧饱和度降低，有条件的可以在家进行吸氧。由于新冠重症导致呼吸衰竭的情况，都是从低氧血症开始的。所以为什么有基础病的老年人相对脆弱？是因为其对低氧的耐受性差，低氧会诱发一系列基础病的加重，导致重症甚至死亡。因此，早期干预解决低氧的问题，是降低重症和死亡风险最有效的手段之一。建议居家的老年人有指氧仪的随时测，能吸氧尽可能吸氧。

　　来源：新华社、央视网

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.